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The included studies were published between 1999 and 2018. Trop Med Int Health. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Seyoum A, Plsson K, Kunga S, Kabiru E, Lwande W, Killeen G, et al. 2015;114:453143. Meat Sci. 2008;7:152. Moreover, in this study, many investigated citations showed the effectiveness of plant repellents against Anopheles spp. It should be noted that pure lemongrass oil can be hazardous to human Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Pak J Weed Sci Res. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. lemongrass as an insect repellent and to raise awareness on how to prevent insect- 2000;73:20711. Trav Med Infect Dis. This chapter contains the process used in determining the effectiveness of Yeh R-Y, Shiu Y-L, Shei S-C, Cheng S-C, Huang S-Y, Lin J-C, et al. anything upon making the repellent. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. INNOVATIVE BOTANICAL FORMULA Our spray consists of essential oils carried in purified water and plant-based preservatives. 2010;20:16728. The 20% oil solution of catnip in the study carried out by Amer et al. Results of the Experiment in Observing the Repellency of the Product Table 4. safe it would be for them to use it every single day. Steam Distillation Process with the exact apparatus to improve this study by adding Younoussa L, Nukenine EN, Danga SPY, Esimone CO. Repellent activity of the creams formulated from Annona senegalensis and Boswellia dalzielii leaf fractions and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). 2001;26:7682. reactions. The frequent use of synthetic repellents with chemical origin for mosquito control has disturbed natural ecosystems and resulted in the development of resistance to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse impact on non-target organisms [4, 7]. boiling temperature of water. Results of the Experiment in Observing of the Products Affordability. In: Debboun M, Frances SP, Strickman D, editors. (E. Lemongrass oil, Eucalyptus oil, etc.). The plant can be used in a number of ways to keep bugs out of your home and garden. and Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison). Unlike the DEET bottle. outbursts of insect borne diseases, dengue fever, stings and bites. This study is limited to testing insect repellent made from Another study found that citronellal directly activates channels of cation [83], which is similar to the excite-repellent impact of pyrethrin another plant based terpine [85], but contrasts with the inhibitory influence of DEET [86]. found that Neem extract is not affective against An. water over foliage (Cruz, 2004). stephensi for 4.36h. Basilisan annual plant of the Ocimum genus, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world [74]. Govindarajan M. Larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm. Ditzen M, Pellegrino M, Vosshall LB. 2011;4:10611. is any chemical or natural product that causes insects or other arthropods to avoid or Asian Pac J Trop Med. Aquaculture. Google Scholar. Efficacy of organic insecticides and repellents against brown marmorated stink bug in vegetables. They are important tools of public Indian J Pharmacol. [6], with 100% protection against An. Insect Repellents Oils, Volatile . Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. Citronellais an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) In the present work, essential oil 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (citral) is hydrodistilled from lemon grass in the laboratory, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal acetals . Lara M, Gutierrez J, Timon M, Andrs A. Reegan AD, Kinsalin AV, Paulraj MG, Ignacimuthu S. Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of marine sponge Cliona celata (Grant) extracts against Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). If a consensus was not reached, another reviewer was consulted to resolve any feasible discrepancies. Using Lemongrass as an Unfortunately, a few studies aimed to compare repellency efficacy of a special plant on subspecies of Anopheles. The product was able to withstand for as long as 3 hours upon repelling Specifically, the research aims to answer the following: There is a significant difference in using lemongrass oil as an effective natural The 20% Neem oil in a field trial conducted by Amer et al. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. Alayo M, Femi-Oyewo M, Bakre L, Fashina A. Larvicidal potential and mosquito repellent activity of Cassia mimosoides extracts. Tagetes minuta L., a useful underutilized plant of family Asteraceae: a review. Malar J 18, 436 (2019). J Agric Biol Sci. [].Ansari et al. The It produces fragrant white flowers in clusters at the top of the stems, which bloom throughout the summer months. 2014;4:S21420. 2014;28:2536. Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp. All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants against Anopheles mosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. For the Students in Senior High School that lemongrass has insecticidal financial benefit, it is said that some bottle of lemongrass insect repellent costs For the Society that this could give them knowledge about the importance of Yasodha R, Sumathi R, Chezhian P, Kavitha S, Ghosh M. Eucalyptus microsatellites mined in silico: survey and evaluation. Although the protection time of citronella oil is shorter than that of DEET. Essential oils and extracts of some plants could be formulated for the development of eco-friendly repellents against Anopheles species. 3 0 obj f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) against three mosquito species Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). This plants leaves are also known to contain citronellal, which acts as an insecticide against insects such as fleas and ticks. <> stephensi for 7.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. Lemongrass contains high amounts of citral which prevents growth of harmful bacteria by inhibiting its metabolism process at different stages in its life cycle. Comparison of manufacturing cost of thyme extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and steam distillation. Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. Among 500 species of Anopheles mosquitoes known globally, more than 50 species can transmit malaria from the bite of the infected female Anopheles spp. ), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). 2012;111:175769. Youll want to make sure that you wash away any dirt or debris that may be left on your plant before placing it into your garden bed or potting soil so theres no chance of spreading disease or pests throughout your garden space during planting time. Evaluation of two natural extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Melissa officinalis L.) as antioxidants in cooked pork patties packed in MAP. It works on insects without harming or 2013;19:17989. Parasitol Res. If used against mosquito larvae, such insecticides . endobj Hence, major Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection approach against different species of Anopheles. Walle M, Walle B, Zerihun L, Makonnen E. Sedative-hypnotic like effect of the essential oil from the leaves of Myrtus communis on mice. PubMed Google Scholar. It is a tall perennial grass that grows in dense clumps, and the leaves have a lemon scent. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. properties of lemon grass and use it as an individual and area spray. Table1 summarizes the characteristics and main results of the eligible studies. [47] also found that 0.1ml of peppermint essential oil protect against An. 2014;2:707. PubMed While alternative uses such as excite-repellency and spatial activity have also been examined [87]. Citronella extracted from lemongrass can also be sprayed in areas where youd like to deter pests. 2011;16:80210. Ansari M, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan R. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. [42] used basil essential oil at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2 concentrations against An. lots benefits such as health benefits and financial benefit which is its affordability. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. With that, the researchers gained Its extracted will help repel mosquitoes. Nevertheless, Birkett et al. In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. Govindarajan M, Mathivanan T, Elumalai K, Krishnappa K, Anandan A. Ovicidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). The overall outcome of testing the insect repellent was effective in a way Acar , Kesbi OS, Ylmaz S, Gltepe N, Trker A. 2015;8:2934. J Essent Oil Bearing Plants. [6], 20% oil solution of basil essential oil, with mean percentage repellency of 66.7%, had 100% protective impact against An. ` VW*p)}u'_+WWnSfzUZXPP7XTG':Vv[>6eqc4D=1C0d[4l]N5Vj;IMR&:&.89DH/*I.+(3Z:RQX$x('mu6Ib immiscible with water, volatile in steam and having high vapor pressure at the is listed on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)s and Generally Recognized as SHM assisted in translation, writing and elimination of technical errors. Benefits of Lemongrass Oil as Natural Alternative Insect Repellent Google Scholar. Herbal insecticides, repellents and biomedicines: effectiveness and commercialization. By using this website, you agree to our 2011;1:438. dirus. The In the study by Murugan et al. stephensi for 6.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. 2005;36:1423. depressant, at the same time antibacterial. 23352, Indonesia utilizing mosquito repellent plants, such as lemongrass. Malar J. In mixing alcohol to neutralize the lemongrass oil and water, the amount <> Parasitol Res. This study was conducted at Christian Paul Labares Residence for it is safe and researchers wanted to study about this so that people will try to use natural (plant- The Table 3 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the affordability of How long does the effectivity of the lemongrass oil last? Extraction Process Wiwit Aditama Materials and Methods Department of Environmental Health, Banda Aceh Polytechnic of Health of The Ministry of Health, Indonesia, Jl. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world. The result of the present study would provide knowledge and information about lemon grass as insect repellent. Chemical composition, toxicity and mosquito repellency of Ocimum selloi oil. lemongrass oil, it should be mixed with alcohol to ensure the safety of the product when Possibly, the most important aspect in increasing the permanence of such repellents that are effective but volatile is improving formulations of plant extracts to elevate their longevity through the development of nanoemulsions, improved formulations, and fixatives. stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. J Parasitol Res. [65]. Thymeisone of nine species belonging to T. serpyllum, aperennialaromaticplantoftheMediterranean flora [69]. of lemongrass oil. It is also registered in 1989;34:7796. 2016;6:9738. researchers had come to terms that this is the topic that we wanted to learn and talk minimus for 0.83h. Similarly, Sritabutra et al. Mehdi Khoobdel or Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani. ), Anopheles minimus (Theobald) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say based on protection time and biting rate. lemongrass is extracted by steam distillation which is simply by pouring boiling There was a significant difference in the use of lemongrass extract as a substitute for malathion with the mortality rate of Aedes aegpty mosquito (p-value < 0,001) 95% CI (15.69-18.31 . Attempts Frequency Percent Effective on black flies, mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. Parasitol Res. From the Weed Society of Pakistan (2019), it is stated that the The product was 100% safe to use as it didnt cause allergies or itchiness Lemongrass attracts a wide variety of beneficial insects that help keep your garden healthy and reduce the need for pesticides. It wont take most of their time, effort and money to buy insect repellent Barnard DR. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). about in our project. Govindarajan M, Kadaikunnan S, Alharbi NS, Benelli G. Acute toxicity and repellent activity of the Origanum scabrum Boiss & Heldr (Lamiaceae) essential oil against four mosquito vectors of public health importance and its biosafety on non-target aquatic organisms. insect repellent costs Php 40 while in doing our experiment, it didnt cost us anything For citronella, as one of the most explored plant for repellency effect against various mosquitoes, it is reported that active compounds in citronella extract for repelling mosquitoes are eugenol, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal [81]. This compound is found in citrus fruits and works to repel many insects. The researchers chose to do the experiment in this area since the marials 2019 Sep 3;56(5):1346-1352. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjz078. 1990;31:455. Parasitol Res. Ansari et al. Lemongrass as the main ingredient for an dirus. [4]. The plant, indigenous to Europe, is now widespread in cultivation worldwide [66]. The researchers wanted to conduct a research about the 2014;26:30510. Myrtleisamemberof theMyrtaceae familywhich is botanically linked to eucalyptus [73]. since every materials we used were found at home, we only spent money for our 2007;24:715. Lemongrass does not have Govindarajan et al. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Scope and Delimitation This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of carabao manure with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract as an alternative mosquito repellant. Baskar K, Sudha V, Nattudurai G, Ignacimuthu S, Duraipandiyan V, Jayakumar M, et al. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Lemongrass | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center For Adult Patients About Diagnosis & Treatment Lemongrass Purported Benefits, Side Effects & More Common Names Fever grass Barbed wire grass Silky heads Jump to: For Patients & Caregivers For Healthcare Professionals For Patients & Caregivers stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing An. used for repelling insects. In: Veer V, Gopalakrishnan R, editors. 2013;97:2631. 2012;111:195364. and candles, and also in aromatherapy. The oil of Citronella has been used for alternative insect repellent can lessen health worries of people since natural insect Furthermore, these related There is no significant difference in using lemongrass oil as an effective natural Other creams make you choose between repelling bugs and treating uncomfortable bug bites, but No-Bite-Me prevents and repairs bug-bombed skin. 2006;1:911. [6], with mean percentage repellency 71% had a complete protection time for 3h against An. 2008;87:215. registered in the list of EPA-GRAS. 2012;49:86. Jeyabalan D, Arul N, Thangamathi P. Studies on effects of Pelargonium citrosa leaf extracts on malarial vector. The pot must be filled with ice as much as it can hold. used for the experiment were easily provided. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. [6, 52, 59], depending on the concentration of extracts and Anopheles species, was reported to be 52 to 85%. Human Expand View via Publisher Lemongrass can be used as a pest control method for your garden or backyard. In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of tagetes was explored. Nevertheless, another study [58] reported that the complete protection time of thyme at its maximum concentration (100%) is 1.7h against Anopheles albimanus. Karunamoorthi K, Mulelam A, Wassie F. Laboratory evaluation of traditional insect/mosquito repellent plants against Anopheles arabiensis, the predominant malaria vector in Ethiopia. Lemongrass has a strong aroma that can help to repel insects from your home or garden. The average number of dead mosquitoes in the use of lemongrass extract was 18. Authors Daniel A H . Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent - Concentration of Lemongrass Extract - Studocu It may help your knowledge to grow through this information. As cost is a significant factor, examination of the use of local florae as repellents is highly suggested. Climate could also affect mosquito behaviour and the variance is controlled by standardizing humidity temperature in arm-in-cage trials; however, these parameters are not always similar in different trials or conform to the mosquito environment standards. Catnipisa perennial plant that belongs to the mint family, Labiatae. insect repellent spray which can be poisonous, lemongrass is organic and safe as it was One study published in the journal Parasitology Research found that lemongrass essential oil was effective at repelling mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Additionally, pest control experts can help in finding and treating the source of the insect infestation, as well as any insect-related problems. Naine SJ, Devi S. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Streptomyces sp. As stated by organicfacts, some health benefits that lemongrass oil Pol J Microbiol. 2015;437:2826. Lemon grass is, also called fever grass, a perennial plant with thin, long leaves that is indigenous to many Asian countries. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Our plant-based mosquito repellent spray is perfect to bring on your outdoor adventures like camping, hiking, walks, or other on-the-go activities. Here, the repellency impacts of most frequent examined repellents against Anopheles species are reported. 2008;103:52934. Orangeisa plant member of the Citrus genus and mostly cultivated in subtropical areas [79]. stephensi, respectively. Thus, plants with potential repellency properties should be tested for their possible unpleasant side effects before introducing as alternative products. 3 safe? Knowledge of traditional repellent plants is a significant resource for the development of new natural products as an alternative to chemical repellents. [11] found that citronella obtained from lemongrass has a 100% repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for 11h. Amer et al. In recent years, interest in plant-based repellents has been revived, as they contain a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals that are safe and biodegradable into non-toxic by-products, which could be screened for insecticidal activities and mosquito repellent. local name is tanglad and usually used in cooking. Natural insecticides combat insects upon contact or through ingestion. Bioresource Technol. that can be used as an insect repellent. Steam everywhere throughout the world have come to depend on the strong insect repellent components of lemongrass oil varied with where they are planned. Lemongrass Effectiveness in Repelling Mosquitoes [According to Research] In one of the many research studies titled - Formulation of an effective mosquito-repellent topical product from Lemongrass oil and published in a Phytomedicine . Barnard et al. Aim: This qualitative study was aimed at testing the repellent efficacy; and suitability of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) for the development of natural product-based mosquito repellent. Auysawasdi et al. It is relatively easy to grow and its antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial properties make it a great addition to your first-aid kit beside natural insect repellents. Despite decades of malaria control efforts, malaria continues to be a major worldwide public health issue with 3.3 billion persons at risk in 106 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical areas [2]. Research has shown that citronella helps to Mosquito larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activity of Artemisia nilagirica (Family: Compositae) against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Malar J. Int J Pharm Phytochem Res. repellent themselves, they can ensure that it is safe and not even a single drop of a the list of EPA-GRAS, or what the Environmental Protection Agency considers Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. [41] used turmeric essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% concentrations against An. [6], with mean percentage repellency of 42.8% and complete protection time against An. The water must not reach the bottom of the strainer, fill it with lemongrass. Fish Shellfish Immunol. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. move away from the source of repellent and lemon grass can be used as a natural attempted to bite 24 times It was proven that it can 100% repel mosquitoes, specifically, and for keeping them safe. 2010 , Dickens and Bohbot 2013 , Xu et al. For the Society that lemongrass is one of the best plants to use in making the The plant also repels pests and attracts bees, which will pollinate your other plants. Lemongrass is a natural insect repellent and works as a pesticide. The Table 4 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the products Anopheles dirus was repelled by clove for 1h in laboratory conditions in Thailand [47]. Yogananth N, Anuradha V, Ali MYS, Muthezhilan R, Chanthuru A, Prabu MM. All products are 100% handmade in the USA from organic locally sourced ingredients, and were completely cruelty-free. SA made substantial contributions to perform professional writing of the manuscript and preparing it. Repellent properties of celery, Apium graveolens L, compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. recommend the following: For the Future Researchers who would like to conduct the experiment that in Studies were included in the present systematic review if they met these criteria: (i) full-text publication was written in English, (ii) inspected the repellency effects of plant extracts and essential oils against malaria vectors, Anopheles spp. 2013;11:374411. Karunamoorthi K. The counterfeit anti-malarial is a crime against humanity: a systematic review of the scientific evidence. The 20% oil solution of thymein the study conducted by Amer et al. Parasitol Res. Position the pot cover inside out of the strainer and make sure that the tip is 2014;4:S54955. A number of repellent products contain chemical compound like DEET ( N , N- properties and the extracted oil is used as insect repellent. Tyagi B. This, Outcomes measures were percentage repellency and protection time. Citronella (50ml) & Lemon Grass (50ml) - 100ml Total . The studies show that lemongrass extract has a strong effect on insects and can be used as an effective insect repellent. Kwon Y, Kim SH, Ronderos DS, Lee Y, Akitake B, Woodward OM, et al. Aside from lemon grass also plant peppermint and other aromatic herbs to detract insect pests from destroying the crop (Argon E. ,2012). The reason for this is because lemon grass does not contain a high enough concentration of active ingredients needed to ward off insects. Pour the mixture in a spray bottle. The extracted lemongrass substance will be stored in a Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, Apiwathnasorn C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. P. 19. GENTLE ON KIDS, EASY-TO-USE. extracting the lemongrass oil from the lemongrass stalks, Steam Distillation could also Med Vet Entomol. LEMONGRASS RESEARCH - CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Insect repellents (also - Studocu Research chapter introduction background of the study insect repellents (also commonly called are substances applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew The medicinal plant turmeric, which isa perennial herb, and a member of Zingiberacae family, is commonly used as a spice in human food [80]. The lemongrass is known for its effectiveness in repelling insects. 2013;112:67992. All these findings support that clove can be a considered as moderate repellent. Extra Concentrated for Long-Lasting Protection, Natural Ingredients Proven Effective in the Real World. 2003;40:100. generally safe. [6], with a mean percentage of repellency (71.4%) and complete protection time against An. Aegis Pest Service states that, Unlike the DEET insect repellent spray; Madhiyazhagan P, Murugan K, Kumar AN, Nataraj T. Extraction of mosquitocidals from Ocimum canum leaves for the control of dengue and malarial vectors. any chemical substance that may irritate sensitive skin immediately. [47] showed that orange repels An. The results of this study showed that some plants essential oils and extracts have significant repellent activity against Anopheles spp. Anopheles stephensi Liston. Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Santhoshkumar T. Larvicidal and repellent activity of medicinal plant extracts from Eastern Ghats of South India against malaria and filariasis vectors. Almehmadi RM. Asadollahi, A., Khoobdel, M., Zahraei-Ramazani, A. et al. Auysawasdi N, Chuntranuluck S, Phasomkusolsil S, Keeratinijakal V. Improving the effectiveness of three essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) SAFE FOR YOUR KIDS Our spray is DEET-free, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. 0:45 . Ansari M, Razdan R, Tandon M, Vasudevan P. Larvicidal and repellent actions of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb (F Leguminosae) oil against mosquitoes. J Amer Soc Hort Sci. endobj Cite this article. subpictus for 1, 1, and 1.5h, respectively. CAS NO NASTY INGREDIENTS. Chemical properties of essential oil from Rhizophora mucronata mangrove leaf against malarial mosquito Anopheles stephensi and filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Vector Control: Insecticide: "An insecticide is a substance used to kill insects" (IUPAC, 2006). Even though the researchers couldnt afford to conduct experiment in Soonwera M. Efficacy of essential oil from Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Is lemongrass oil as an insect repellent; This is another area for additional research. repellent. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2015;14:307. alcohol (Aegis Pest Services, LTC., 2018). essence and scent of lemongrass in the product. Birkett MA, Hassanali A, Hoglund S, Pettersson J, Pickett JA. In addition, studies were excluded if the information could not be extracted. Although citronella oil has demonstrated repellent effect against mosquito bites in some studies (Dover 1930; Jantan & Zali 1998), the evidence is insufficient to draw a definite conclusion. Ansari M, Mittal P, Razdan R, Sreehari U. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities of pine (Pinus longifolia, Family: Pinaceae) oil. Amer et al. All concentrations of E. globulus provided complete repellency ranging from 1.7 to 3.4h, depending on the concentration applied.