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He is part of the Hull School, a group of artists specialising in marine paintings, including whaling. White Whale, or Whitefish of the Whalers BY CHARLES M. SCAMMON. he stores necessary to fit, out a whaler will soon be for sale as low here as on the Atlantic. The Japanese may have been doing so even earlier.Traditions as varied as the Inuit (who hunted in the Arctic Ocean), Basque (who hunted in the Atlantic), and Japanese (who hunted in the Pacific) relied on whales to provide material goods, as well as part of their cultural identity.Nearly every part of the whale was used. Five firms are now engaged in the manufacture of adamantine candles, equal to the best imported, and an aggregate of 2,000 tons of shipping is employed out of this port, at the present time, in the whale fishery, to say nothing of the amount of whales taken by boats from the harbors of Monterey, Humboldt, and other ports along the coast. Hunting, from Ochotsk Sea, Oct. 3d, arrived at this port at a late hour last evening. The other objections urged against San Francisco are found at every important point, and are scarcely worthy of notice. The sailor cut and/or scratched a picture into the polished surface. Common subjects were portraits of the ship they were sailing on and maybe the ship's captain; there were also portraits of wives or sweethearts back home, all kinds of sea creatures, mermaids and such. The Charles W. Morgan's masts. The Science of Maintaining the Sea's Biodiversity It may be that the 19th century sailing vessel was a male dominated and defined world, yet women are assuredly part of this rich history. Devoy was in bed with flu in Philadelphia when he received a telegram from Dennis Rossa telling him the Catalpa was in New York. The Journal of Mary Chipman Lawrence on the Whaler Addison, 1856-1860 There is also another difficulty of which it is said shipmasters stand in equal fear. Something more than 15,000 gallons per month are produced. Club and Lance used in the Capture of the Sea Elephant In 1799 the Essex was launched, and it was believed to have been used as a merchant ship before being converted into a whaling vessel. Mechanics: These craftsmen, ranging in jobs from blacksmiths, coopers, carpenters, steward, and the cook, ranked higher than the average crewman. The Government should at least send national vessels to the islands to convey these 1,200 wrecked mariners to their homes free of charge, and see to it that they do not suffer for bread and clothing. Whale oil and baleen (sometimes called whalebone, although its not bone at all) were valuable commodities. Moving Attitude of a Leopard Seal on shore This list may not reflect recent changes. BRINGS GOOD CATCH This guide showcases this unique art form. With over 200 color photos, this step-by-step guide addresses scrimshaw tools, patterns, inking, and inlays. At Victoria almost all the sealing fleet are now preparing lor the early work along the coast, which will keep them busy from now until April or May, when they discharge their coast catches and sail for Behring Sea. An ordinary crewman might earn only $25.00 for several years work. Pequod is a Native American whaling ship name. The following named vessels are reported as having arrived from the California coast : Whale-ships General Scott and Winslow, barques President Kelly and Endeavor. Williams, of New London, was wrecked on Cape Elizabeth, about the 14th of June: all hands and cargo saved. From 1841 to 1864, it made six successful whaling voyages, hunting whales under masters John Tobey, Benjamin C. Sayer, Oliver C. Coffin, and Rowland C. Phinney; circumnavigating the globe under Perry Winslow; and hunting in the Arctic under Francis Macy Gardner. Realizing that the ship was doomed, Pollard believed they should head for either the Marquesas or Society islands, more than 1,200 miles (2,200 km) or 2,000 miles (3,700 km) away, respectively. Skilled mariners, the Makah carved specific canoes for each task. The longest whaling voyage is believed to be that of the Ship Nile from 1858 to 1869 eleven years! Tribe of the SeaThe sea plays a large role in the culture and history of the Makah people, native to the Pacific coast of the U.S. state of Washington. Up to July 4 the catch of the whaling vessels out of this port is reported to have been as follows:Charles W. Morgan, 1200 barrels of sperm oil and 3400 pounds of bone;California, 900 barrels of sperm oil;Gayhead, 500 barrels of sperm oil;Alice Knowles,300 barrels of sperm oil and two small right whales;John and VVinthrop, 180 barrels of sperm oil. The Bowhead or Great Polar Whale Sir Edwin Landseer. Sources: As noted on entries and through research centers including National Archives, San Bruno, California; CDNC: California Digital Newspaper Collection; San Francisco Main Library History Collection; and Maritime Museums and Collections in Australia, China, Denmark, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Wales, Norway, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, etc. It was possible in those days to begin as a foremast hand and work up to the position of captain. The engravings were usually of ships, but could be of any subject. The George is a barque of 400 tons burthen; was condemned and sold at Oahu in the early part of the present year for $1290; was fitted up at a cost approximating to $8,000, and is now in port as good as the day she was bought, after a voyage of five months, with a cargo worth to the captain $25,000; having in that time cleared 100 per cent for her owner. She has 1200 barrels of Polar oil and 17,000 lbs. The George reports having spoken a considerable number of whalers in the Ochotsk the past season, most of which were doing well. 3. A number of the fishermen employed during the summer at the Alaska canneries have shipped on theCaliforniaandMorgan. Mates/Officers: These numbered three or four men, descending from the First Mate to the Fourth Mate. In 1991, a white humpback whale was spotted off the east coast of Australia and given the name Migaloo. After being told of the men on Ducie, the Australian ship Surry was dispatched to the island. Our present maps depict a continent to which they give the name of Antarctica surrounding the South Pole, but our knowledge of that continent is derived from distant observations of ice-clad plateaus, mountains and volcanoes, seen from the decks of passing ships. In addition, Thomas Nickerson, a cabin boy on the Essex, later wrote his account of the sinking and rescue, but the notebook was lost and not published until 1984. When the cargo is sold each is entitled to his "lay," as it is called. The whaleship was an isolated community that roamed the oceans of the world on journeys that lasted for years. Under this theory, the agitated animal believed that the boat was actually another male that had entered his territory. But the end of that decade saw an industry-debilitating financial crisis and the 1859 discovery of . Whaler A A. T. Gifford SS Aberdeen (1912) Achilles (1813 ship) Active (1801 whaler) Admiral Barrington (1781 ship) Admiral Cockburn (1814 ship) Adventure (1804 ship) African Queen (1797 ship) HMS Alderney (1757) Alexander (1801 ship Shields) Allison (1795 ship) USS Amazon Amelia (1795 ship) Amelia Wilson (1809 ship) USS American (1861) Eskimos used Whale and Walrus ivory and bone for many of their tools and utensils, such as harpoon fore shafts, fishing net weights, needles, awls, sled runners, ice probes and even bone armor. We invite you to browse through our treasure trove of nautical artwork by established and emerging artists. Glossary of Words and Phrases used by Whalemen. Its nomenclature derives from the native terms " pekawatawog ", " pequttoog " or " paquatanog " that means "destroyer". The admiralty did not want it, and it was sold into the whaling business. The whaling industry was the first in which cooperation was established. DALevy @ MaritimeHeritage.org $11. Most greenhands deserted their vessel before their voyage ended. We describe the famous ships of the world and list the best ship names, warship names and famous boat names. They were paid not by a wage, but by a share of profits. 3 whales; Philip I. Sisson, Greenport, 3 whales; 25th ship China, Howes, N.B. Boatsteerers/Harpooneers: Three to five crew members rowed the whaleboat and one threw the harpoon, hoping to latch onto the whale. The whales appeared in the greatest number at the latter part of the season, when the weather was intensely cold, the thermometer being 10 degrees below aero, rendering the work both very laborious and dangerous, owing to the ships getting iced up and the men's hands and feet becoming frozen in the boats. Dan Beachy-Quick Such a move successfully carried into effect would accomplish more to TheHicksreported then a catch of 800 barrels of sperm oil. That these objections to a certain extent hold good, we do not doubt, but they are very greatly over rated. After immersing himself in Moby Dick for many years, poet and teacher Beachy-Quick found himself embarked on a mad task. Following Ishmaels lead, he has created a whalers dictionary. (Sam Fleming/WBUR) Kip Files is captain of the ship. There are probably "petty-fogging lawyers" to create difficulty whenever there is money at stake, but our courts are now but little inclined to assist such efforts. On February 18, the remaining three sailors in Chases boat spotted a distant ship, the British brig Indian, and managed to sail to it, ending their 89-day ordeal. The whalers Drymo (1845), Paulina (1860), and Young Hero (1858) were lost near Maui, Jefferson (1842) in Hanalei Bay on Kaua'i, and Helvetius (1834) near O'ahu. The sinking inspired the climactic scene in Herman Melville 's Moby Dick (1851). There is some important whaling intelligence by this arrival. Pierson, of Cold Spring, was wrecked on Jonas Island, June 5th; : all hands saved, but ship and cargo lost. The Whiteheaded or Mottled Grampus In 1875 he played a prominent part in arranging for the rescue of six Fenian rebels imprisoned in a British penal colony in Western Australia. Of the whole whaling fleet in 1889, only 36 vessels pursued the whale in Atlantic waters from Baffin Bay to the Falkland Islands, and only eight followed their calling in the South Pacific; while 42 fished the icy waters of the Arctic and Behring Sea, and nine the sea of Okhotsk and the waters of Siberia. Captains and ship owners picked up hands wherever they could find them. As Hull, Whitby, Peterhead, and other northern ports expanded their whaling fleets, Liverpool's began a slow decline. Moby Dick. 900 bbls; barque Mary Gardiner, Lowen, Sag Harbor, 7 whales; ship John Wells, Bessie, N.B., 5 whales; India, Long, New London; 2600 bbls; barque Venice, Lester, N.L., 3 whales; Delaware, Homan, N.L., 1000 bbls; ships Sheffieler, Green, Cold Spring, 5 whales; Roman, Blackman, N.B., 5 whales; Sept. 25th, bques Covington, Fall River, 500 bbls; Oscar, Cross, Mattapoisett, 450 bbls; Brunswick; Butler, Dartmouth, 450 bbls; Franklin, Richmond, N.B., 900 bbls. An experienced ship owner gives the following list and estimates of values of vessels lost, not Including the oil and bone that may have been taken: Acors Barns, J. H. Bartlett & Sons, agents, $38,000; Cornelius Howland, Swift & Perry, $10,000; Jos. Clifford Ashley Sperm Whale October 27, 1903, San Francisco Call, San Francisco, California. On January 10, 1821, Joy became the first sailor to die, and he was buried at sea; his boat then fell under the command of Obed Hendricks. Cachalot is an old name for the sperm whale. Dave Weller, a research biologist at NOAAs Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, California, says the eastern Pacific gray whale population has recovered.I think there is pretty good evidence that a moratorium on hunting has allowed certain populations to recover from depleted status when they were being whaled, he says.According to Weller, the IWCs moratorium on whale hunting is one of two major steps the organization is taking.The other thing that the IWC has very successfully done is to collect information and provide analysis of data to help us understand the status of various populations that in some cases we knew very little about, he says.Despite the general moratorium, limited whaling is permitted to indigenous cultures.In the United States, the Inuit Eskimos in the north slope of Alaska, in Barrow, Alaska, still hunt for bowhead whales, Weller says. There are many out there, but these ten names out of the many stand out with its own uniqueness. In 2017 we had an exhibit called Hunting the Whale: The Rise and Fall of a Southampton Industry which highlighted the story of a handful of whaling Captains that lived in Southampton and told the story of how Southampton participated in the whaling industry. Again, the desertion of seamen is a thing not very likely to occur in San Francisco sat present. They were too late to bid, but Devoy declared I will stay here until a ship is bought. By 1850 roughly a sixth of all whaling vessels carried the captains' wives. The Voyage of the Catalpa: A Perilous Journey and Six Irish Rebels' Escape to Freedom. With over 700 photos, this book presents a history of scrimshaw, provides instruction on carving and decorating beautiful scrimshaw, and displays a gallery of 45 international artists. The telegraph offers the means of sending assistance in a few weeks, and the two cities should lose no time in doing so. Intelligence in Whales, Dolphins, and Humans That included men whose options on shore were limited because of their race or background, and immigrants who often landed in New Bedford aboard vessels they had crewed. The golden age of American whaling lasted from around 1835 - 1860 when the most profitable whaling grounds were discovered. Justice Goff's Irish Rescue Party. 10. After returning to Nantucket, Chase wrote Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-ship Essex (1821; republished under various titles). Skipper Ahab: A fictitious character penned by American author Herman Melville, skipper Ahab is a brooding captain of the whaling vessel Pequod. Outline of Roys' "Bunchback." Whaling in Iceland began with spear-drift hunting as early as the 12th century, and continued in a vestigial form until the late 19th century, when other countries introduced modern commercial practices. No whales were found on tho west coast, though the ocean was free of ice. Their fascinating work gives carvers inspiration. Yankee whalers encountered scores of small islands and gave them Yankee names. In preparation, the Essex stopped at Atacames, Ecuador, in September 1820, and while there one of the crewmen deserted. be freighted upon clipper ships to New York for less than the whalers themselves can carry it, and then get back upon their whaling ground. The seaborne expedition, which successfully evaded Royal Navy patrols, involving the New Bedford whaler Catalpa, was popularly known as "Goff's Irish Rescue Party.". , The Squareheaded Grampus Only Scotchmen and Norwegians are following this bottle-nose fishery, because Americans have not yet found it out. Essex, American whaling ship that was rammed by a sperm whale on November 20, 1820, and later sank. Upon finding no one there, the Surry headed to Henderson Island, and on April 9, 1821, it rescued the remaining survivors. A Whale Scene of 1763 If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. On November 20, 1820, the American whaling ship Essex was rammed by a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and sunk.The incident inspired Herman Melville's famous novel Moby Dick.The Essex had left her home port on the island of Nantucket, Massachusetts, United States, more than a year earlier. Stuart M. Frank. The season altogether is considered a favorable one. VICTORIA. Facing near death, the men on Pollards boat decided to draw lots to see who would be killed and eaten. Of the 1066 people, 1036 survived and were rescued from the water and the lifeboats. There is a growing disposition among the whalers to make this port their rendezvous during the winter, and next year a considerable number of the whaling fleet may be expected in San Francisco, as we are informed by the officer of the George; but at present the rates of repairing and fitting out in in this harbor are so much higher than at the Islands, whalers will go there in preference. Finely Illustrated HMS Curacoa Eva Halat All U.S.A. and International Rights Reserved. Famous Nantucket whaling vessel was captained by man who inspired Herman Melville's famous book, Moby-Dick. Marine Mammals of the North Pacific Coast Margaret B. Schram They performed specialized jobs onboard the vessel, and they stayed behind when the crew went out on a hunt to care for the ship. Most ships pay wages as well as a lay, so that on the whalers who confront icebergs and ice floes, as well as the ordinary dangers of the sea, the wages of the crew are generally pretty good. On some vessels, the crew was entirely foreign-born. A large number of Kanakas were engaged on board the George, yesterday, bundling the bone up for shipment to the East, where it brings a munch better price than in this city. Oil can. The whaling barkCharles W. Morgan, which arrived on Tuesday, docked yesterday at the Howard street bulkhead and commenced discharging her cargo of sperm oil. That day whales were spotted, and three whaleboats were launched. LARGE QUARTO, 319) PAGES. The crew of 35 was comprised of sailors from all over the world, including many Native Hawaiians. Outlines of Northern Finback On the 29th of April, 1875, he described seeing the ship forty miles out to sea, eating our dinner of hard tack, salt beef and cheese abroad. B. C., June 15. After leaving Hakodate in July, where theMorganreceived the first information of the Russo-Japanese war through a warning in regard to navigating the mined entrance of the harbor, she spoke the whaling barkAndrew Hickson August 17. 1 - 72 of 123 whaling ship paintings for sale. Depending on the size of a vessel, crews ranged in size from fifteen to forty men. In about late May, Pollard decided to head farther from the coast, into a distant area that had recently proved highly profitable for whalers. Petticoat Whalers, first published in New Zealand in 1991, has been out of print since 1995. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Pequod. The Lawrence's daughter, five-year-old daughter Minnie also accompanied them. If a boat drew even . Palmer, and Enterprise, Capt. The ship sank around an hour later and killed 30 people. THIS SEASON'S CATCH OF THE NORTHERN WHALERS. Researchers now believe they've found the wreck. Baird's Dolphin, Common Porpoise, and Right Whale Porpoise Paul Poiret, a Parisian designer, introduces a "slim, up-and-down" line of women's clothing, undercutting demand for corsets, and thereby baleen. [1] It was based in Nantucket, considered the whaling capital of the United States. Its original regulations, however, were loose, and quotas were high. We are dedicated to bringing fine art to the experienced collector as well as introducing the fine art of collecting to the novice collector. Bullen in his 1901 publication "The cruise of the Cachalot". One of the most famous whaling captains on the West Coast was Charles Melville . Snapshot from video. The Brownded Dolphin of Santa Barbara Channel All the whaling this season has been on the eastern shore, as far north as Point Barrow. Cities such as Hull and Aberdeen relied heavily on the whaling industry. In Listening to Whales, Alexandra Morton shares spellbinding stories about her career in whale and dolphin research and what she has learned from and about these magnificent mammals. Although shorthanded, the ship sailed on, stopping at Hood Island, Galapagos, where they fixed a leak on the Essex and caught nearly 200 tortoises. ~ WhalingMuseum.org. Similar to other merchant vessels of the time, the Beaver was about 85 feet long with a beam of nearly 24 feet. In the early 19th century, whaling was an extremely difficult profession. Migaloo. . For the first time in more than 140 years, humans have laid eyes on doomed ships from the infamous Whaling Disaster of 1871. U.S.A. California Publication. Tuesday will hereafter be the regular publication day of the "Whalemen's Shipping List." Capt. The points observed may be islands scattered round the meridian of 70 , and inside of them there may be an open sea such as surrounds the North Pole. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. A hundred ships or more might be anchored along the San Francisco waterfront, where they stocked up on provisions for their long Pacific and Arctic voyages. Shipwreck Beach Valerie Petrillo Head of Female Fur Seal, from below, two-thirds natural size The take was determined by the ships owner, however, who deducted for the cost of the voyage. She was built in Haverhill in the year 1805 and although she went many voyages to all parts of the world was not larger than a small two masted coasting schooner. The Weddell Sea in Antarctica. Eye and Parasites of Baleen Whales Terror, one of two ships lost during the ill-fated Franklin expedition. The whaling museum in Ballum, garden fences made of long-weathered whale bones. As one whaling captain said to his timid crew while on the whaling grounds, I am God. Below is a look back at some of those people who were talked about in the exhibit. The Seattle schoonerHenry Dennis, Captain Miner, is nearly ready for sea and will proceed to this port from Seattle on January 20th, to receive her steam launches and boats. The Sea Lion Richly illustrated with 133 halftones, 17 line illustrations. Later attempting to explain the normally timid creatures unusual behaviour, some have speculated that the hammering on the whaleboat sounded similar to the clicks made by whales to communicate. Walruses In late October 1820 they reached Charles Island and collected more tortoises before one of the crew members started a fire that soon spread throughout the small island, causing the men to flee. Maritime history is filled with stories of great sailing ships, plying the massive oceans of the world, run by rugged, swaggering, masculine sailors. Aleutian Islander's Whale Harpoon During a hunt, these men rowed the whaleboats to their prospective prey. Frontispiece Whaling Scene in the California Lagoons At the same time she made the startling observation that the whales were inventing wonderful synchronized movements, a behavior that was soon recognized as a defining characteristic of orca society. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Whaling SHIPS known to be sunk by whales are the Essex (1820), the Ann Alexander (1851) and the Bark Kathleen (1901). Each man held a role with which came specific tasks. Mary Chipman Lawrence A whale will yield an average of 1500 lbs. The Slop Chest Whaling was said to be good money but sailors quickly discovered the truth. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. The Catalpa was in fact used as a whaling vessel, and on 30th May assisted a brig in trouble. Biology, Ecology, Earth Science, Oceanography, Experiential Learning, Social Studies, Economics, World History. Allen, Uldeon Allen & Son, $36,000; Java Second, Joshua 0. On August 14, however, the voyage nearly ended when the ship was briefly knocked onto its side by a squall and almost sunk. Some three weeks later, another sailor in that boat died, and the decision was made to cannibalize his body. The Striped or Common Porpoise. March 17, 1843, Whalemen's Shipping and Merchant's Transcript, New Bedford In former days the most valuable whale was the sperm whale, which yielded whale oil and sperm for illuminating purposes, and occasionally a lump of ambergris. The sinking inspired the climactic scene in Herman Melvilles Moby Dick (1851). January 17, 1892,San Francisco Call, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. TheCallis indebted to Mr. M. McDonald, United States Commissioner of Fisheries, for advance sheets of the census return on the whale fishery of the United States. The loss of thirty-three vessels of the Arctic whaling fleet in the September ice-floes will be a severe blow to our neighbors at Honolulu: These whalers generally go on two and three years' voyages, wintering at Honolulu after the close of the active season, and making the city lively and prosperous by their presence. Chases work inspired Herman Melvilles Moby Dick (1851). The Seaman's Hymn by David Coffin. A number of seaports in New England supported the whaling industry, but one town, New Bedford, Massachusetts, became known as the world's center of whaling. This unique book gives artists, collectors, and everyone interested in scrimshaw a great reference. Baleen was woven into baskets and used as fishing line. Orders have already been given to the whalers in the North Pacific to recruit in California. Although all 20 crewmen initially survived, only 8 were rescued following an arduous journey that devolved into cannibalism. Of this number 57 sailed out of New Bedford and 27 out of San Francisco. It is on the cards that other whales, emulous of their long lost brother's fame, will presently assist in the exploration of the Antarctic continent by demonstrating that the range of the Southern whale, like that of the right whale of the Arctic, is circumpolar. There is a request by the Makah Indian tribe, which is in northern Washington state, to resume gray whale hunting, which they had traditionally done. James H. Wheldon (1832-1893) was born in Hull and is most well-known for his paintings of ships. The Charles Carroll, brings the 1st Officer, Mr. Theodore Piersen; 3d Officer, Mr. Paul Coffee, and 4th Officer, Mr. Elihu Pierson, together with four seamen, from ship Edgar. Its roots lie in the traditional art of whaling men of the 18th and 19th centuries, but it has developed as a recognized art form. She or he will best know the preferred format. Field Guide to Marine Mammals of the Pacific Coast: Baja, California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia After Captain Thomas W. Roys discovered bowhead whales in the Arctic in 1848, New Bedford ships soon followed. These captains are some of the most enduring characters who have many books, comics, and movies made on them. Heard from in Shanter Bay, August 25th, ships Carolina, Grey, New Bedford, 5 whales; Ville de Rheims, Bellow, 4 whales; Montreal, Gray, N.B., 6 whales; Junior, Andrews, N.B., 2 whales; Wm. Once a whale was spotted, a crew of up to six men, including indentured Wampanoag and Nauset Native Americans, would board twenty-feet-long cedar boats in pursuit of their prey. Richardson persuaded his son-in-law to captain the ship. Clara Bell is said to be worth $24,000; the Arctic, $32,000 ; the Desmond, $24,000). While repairs were being made, a huge male sperm whale was spotted close to the ship. Many vessels are fishing for them in Davis Straits and on the coasts of Greenland and Labrador. April 7, 1867, Daily Alta California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Four whalers had arrived from windward ports on Hawaii. DEWEY & CO. It may not be generally known that Saucelito, among whaling captains, is known as the "Whalers' Bay;" and that when a beef could be purchased in California for $4, as was the case before the Mexican war, there was no scarcity of such vessels in these waters. The average per vessel is 991 barrels of oil and 12,900 pounds of bone. Male Sea Lion Sleeping and Male Sea Lion Waking 9.) January 16, 1891, Daily Alta California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Scammon slaughtered numerous whales with harpoon . The Franklin reports the Japan whalers as having done well. The other whaleboats returned to find that the Essex had capsized. November 1, 1904, Los Angeles Herald, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. The Sulphurbottom Whale Their case is one which calls for both private and national assistance. The American Whale-fishery All those rescued at sea were taken to Valparaso, Chile, where they were reunited. In addition, New Bedford contributed 37 old whaling ships to the war effort in the form of the "Stone Fleet." October 23, 1876, Daily Alta California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. New Bedford, October 22d. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). However, Devoy wanted to send journalist John J. Breslin, who had assisted in Stephens escape from jail in 1865.